www.worldbank.org/world
http://sg.pagenation.com/sin/teacher
http://www.teachersnetwork.org
http://teachers.net
http://samll.moe.gov.sg/tn/
http://www.innovativeteachers.com/
သစၥာရွိပါေစ
15 years ago
Sunday, November 30, 2008
Friday, November 28, 2008
Thesis formatting
APA STYLE...5th Edition 2001
Formatting the paper
MARGINS, LINE SPACING, AND PARAGRAPH INDENTS
Use margins of one inch (2.54 cm) on all sides of the page.
Dissertation & Thesis: left margin - 1.5 inches (extra space to allow for binding)
Left-align the text. Do not justify the right margin.
Double-space throughout the paper, but single-space footnotes. Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch (or five spaces).
Preferred typefaces: Times New Roman, 12pt; Courier, 12pt; all serif typeface.
PAGE NUMBERS AND RUNNING HEAD
The title page is numbered as page i; the abstract page, if there is one, is numbered as page ii.
Use Arabic numerals, beginning with 1, for the rest of the paper.
In the upper right-hand corner of each page, type a short version of your title, followed by five spaces and the page number.
Number all pages, including the title page.
ABSTRACT
Include an abstract immediately after the title page. Center the word Abstract one inch from the top of the page; double-space the abstract as you do the body of your paper.
An abstract is a 100-to-120-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your paper.
It should express your main idea and your key points; it might also briefly suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.
References
Begin list of references on a new page at the end of the paper. Center the title References about one inch from the top of the page.
Double-space throughout.
INDENTING ENTRIES
APA recommends using a hanging indent: Type the first line of an entry flush left and indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five spaces),
APA STYLE: CITATIONS
Crediting an idea when you paraphrase or draw upon a source:
Results of research on teaching suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning (Anderson, 1992; Evertson, Emmer, & Marshall, 1986; Good, 1989).
[NOTE: Articles are alphabetical by first author’s name within parentheses.]
OR
Results of research by Anderson (1992), Evertson, Emmer, and Marshall (1986), and Good (1989), suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning.
Quotations
Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into text.
Dewey (1940) said, “once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (p. 79) and this characterizes the thinking of many educators.
or
“Once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (Dewey, 1940, p. 79) characterizes the thinking of many educators.
OR
Many educators agree with Dewey’s (1940) statement, “once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (p. 79). [period after parenthesis]
LONG QUOTATIONS
When a quotation is longer than forty words, set it off from the text by indenting it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin.
Double-space the quotation.
Quotation marks are not needed when a quotation has been set off from the text.
Quotations of 40 words or more are blocked and indented on the left but not the right…double space
Miele (1993) found the following:
The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) [period before parenthesis]
Citations Within the Paper (pp. 120 -122, 207-212)
Authors and references that are quoted either directly or indirectly (paraphrased or summarized) must be documented within the text of the paper.
Failure to document or credit sources of information may be considered plagiarism.
If a two author reference is used, both surnames must be referred to each time they are
referenced.
When the reference is for material that has more than two authors, but less than six, list all surnames the first time a reference to their work is made. In subsequent citations of a multiple authored source indicate the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”
For example, Brown, Reiss, and Miller (1999) discuss the legal issues facing nurses in the current working environment. Brown et al. (1999) also discuss the role of the professional
association in addressing these issues
If material that you are referencing is from many authors, list authors alphabetically, and separate with a semicolon.
For example, Smith (2000) noted that a number of research studies (Ames 1998; Donald & Jennin, 1998; Lindin, 1997) have indicated similar trends of this nature.
Direct Quotations (pp. 117-122
If the quotation is less than 40 words (approximately 4 lines), it is included within the paragraph it is being discussed, and enclosed in double quotation marks. The source is identified in parentheses before the final punctuation.
If the quotation is longer than 40 words, the entire quotation is indented 5 - 7 spaces on the left side only and is not enclosed in quotation marks.
The source is placed in parentheses outside of the punctuation used for the quote.
Direct quotations must accurately reproduce the wording, spelling, and punctuation of the
original source.
Exceptions to this are the first letter of the first word of the quote (which may be changed to upper or lower case as appropriate) or the end punctuation mark.
If any of the material is omitted from the original source within a sentence, use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) in place of the omitted material.
The source of a direct quotation must include the author’s surname, publication date, and page number(s).
Since some electronic sources do not include page numbers, paragraph numbers (if visible) are to be used in their place. In this case, the abbreviation “para” or symbol ¶ followed by the paragraph number should be used instead of page number(s).
Indirect Quotations (pp. 120-122)
When original material has been paraphrased or summarized, it is an indirect quotation, and the original source must be credited.
Specific page or paragraph numbers are not required as with direct quotations.
Author surname and the year of publication are included in the text and within parentheses.
Two format examples for indirect quotations are:
Rictar (1999) discusses the ongoing concerns of nurses working the evening shift, and; The concerns of nurses working the evening shift are discussed in this context (Rictar, 1999).
Personal communications, whether provided in person or in writing, are listed only in the text and not in the reference list. Initials, surname and exact date should be given.
For example: R.Smith (personal communication, August 9, 2001) reported that most of the positive responses were from the participating family members.
CITING SECONDARY SOURCES
When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources.
In the example below, the study by
Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
In the reference list, you would cite the secondary source you read, not the original study.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100(4), 589-608.
Looking at a sample document
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-RD4.pdf
Formatting the paper
MARGINS, LINE SPACING, AND PARAGRAPH INDENTS
Use margins of one inch (2.54 cm) on all sides of the page.
Dissertation & Thesis: left margin - 1.5 inches (extra space to allow for binding)
Left-align the text. Do not justify the right margin.
Double-space throughout the paper, but single-space footnotes. Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch (or five spaces).
Preferred typefaces: Times New Roman, 12pt; Courier, 12pt; all serif typeface.
PAGE NUMBERS AND RUNNING HEAD
The title page is numbered as page i; the abstract page, if there is one, is numbered as page ii.
Use Arabic numerals, beginning with 1, for the rest of the paper.
In the upper right-hand corner of each page, type a short version of your title, followed by five spaces and the page number.
Number all pages, including the title page.
ABSTRACT
Include an abstract immediately after the title page. Center the word Abstract one inch from the top of the page; double-space the abstract as you do the body of your paper.
An abstract is a 100-to-120-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your paper.
It should express your main idea and your key points; it might also briefly suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.
References
Begin list of references on a new page at the end of the paper. Center the title References about one inch from the top of the page.
Double-space throughout.
INDENTING ENTRIES
APA recommends using a hanging indent: Type the first line of an entry flush left and indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five spaces),
APA STYLE: CITATIONS
Crediting an idea when you paraphrase or draw upon a source:
Results of research on teaching suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning (Anderson, 1992; Evertson, Emmer, & Marshall, 1986; Good, 1989).
[NOTE: Articles are alphabetical by first author’s name within parentheses.]
OR
Results of research by Anderson (1992), Evertson, Emmer, and Marshall (1986), and Good (1989), suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning.
Quotations
Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into text.
Dewey (1940) said, “once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (p. 79) and this characterizes the thinking of many educators.
or
“Once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (Dewey, 1940, p. 79) characterizes the thinking of many educators.
OR
Many educators agree with Dewey’s (1940) statement, “once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (p. 79). [period after parenthesis]
LONG QUOTATIONS
When a quotation is longer than forty words, set it off from the text by indenting it one-half inch (or five spaces) from the left margin.
Double-space the quotation.
Quotation marks are not needed when a quotation has been set off from the text.
Quotations of 40 words or more are blocked and indented on the left but not the right…double space
Miele (1993) found the following:
The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) [period before parenthesis]
Citations Within the Paper (pp. 120 -122, 207-212)
Authors and references that are quoted either directly or indirectly (paraphrased or summarized) must be documented within the text of the paper.
Failure to document or credit sources of information may be considered plagiarism.
If a two author reference is used, both surnames must be referred to each time they are
referenced.
When the reference is for material that has more than two authors, but less than six, list all surnames the first time a reference to their work is made. In subsequent citations of a multiple authored source indicate the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”
For example, Brown, Reiss, and Miller (1999) discuss the legal issues facing nurses in the current working environment. Brown et al. (1999) also discuss the role of the professional
association in addressing these issues
If material that you are referencing is from many authors, list authors alphabetically, and separate with a semicolon.
For example, Smith (2000) noted that a number of research studies (Ames 1998; Donald & Jennin, 1998; Lindin, 1997) have indicated similar trends of this nature.
Direct Quotations (pp. 117-122
If the quotation is less than 40 words (approximately 4 lines), it is included within the paragraph it is being discussed, and enclosed in double quotation marks. The source is identified in parentheses before the final punctuation.
If the quotation is longer than 40 words, the entire quotation is indented 5 - 7 spaces on the left side only and is not enclosed in quotation marks.
The source is placed in parentheses outside of the punctuation used for the quote.
Direct quotations must accurately reproduce the wording, spelling, and punctuation of the
original source.
Exceptions to this are the first letter of the first word of the quote (which may be changed to upper or lower case as appropriate) or the end punctuation mark.
If any of the material is omitted from the original source within a sentence, use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) in place of the omitted material.
The source of a direct quotation must include the author’s surname, publication date, and page number(s).
Since some electronic sources do not include page numbers, paragraph numbers (if visible) are to be used in their place. In this case, the abbreviation “para” or symbol ¶ followed by the paragraph number should be used instead of page number(s).
Indirect Quotations (pp. 120-122)
When original material has been paraphrased or summarized, it is an indirect quotation, and the original source must be credited.
Specific page or paragraph numbers are not required as with direct quotations.
Author surname and the year of publication are included in the text and within parentheses.
Two format examples for indirect quotations are:
Rictar (1999) discusses the ongoing concerns of nurses working the evening shift, and; The concerns of nurses working the evening shift are discussed in this context (Rictar, 1999).
Personal communications, whether provided in person or in writing, are listed only in the text and not in the reference list. Initials, surname and exact date should be given.
For example: R.Smith (personal communication, August 9, 2001) reported that most of the positive responses were from the participating family members.
CITING SECONDARY SOURCES
When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary sources.
In the example below, the study by
Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (1989, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
In the reference list, you would cite the secondary source you read, not the original study.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100(4), 589-608.
Looking at a sample document
http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-RD4.pdf
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